heating-systems

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Heating-systems: Heating may refer to: Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning Heating devices, or systems: Room heating: Gas heater Salamander heater Storage heater Water heater Fireplace Car engine heating: Block heater Headbolt heater Other Cathode heater, in electronics Feedwater heater, in power plants radiant heating HVAC (pronounced either \"H-V-A-C\" or, occasionally, \"H-VAK\") is an initialism/acronym that stands for \"heating, ventilating and air-conditioning\". This is sometimes referred to as climate control. These three functions are closely interrelated, as they control the temperature and humidity of the air within a building in addition to providing for smoke control, maintaining pressure relationships between spaces, and providing fresh air for occupants. In modern building designs, the design, installation and control systems of these functions are integrated into a single \"HVAC\" system. In certain regions (e.g., UK), the term \"Building Services\" is also used and HVAC Engineers are called Building Services Engineers. See CIBSE. The term air handler can mean a whole unit including the blower, heating and cooling elements, filter racks or chamber and dampers, but not including the ductwork through the building. Heating systems may be classified as central or local. Central heating is often used in cold climates to heat private houses and public buildings. Such a system contains a central boiler, furnace or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air; piping or ductwork to distribute the heated fluid, and radiators to transfer this heat to the air. The term radiator in this context is misleading, since most heat transfer from the heat exchanger is by convection, not radiation. The radiators may be mounted on walls, or buried in the floor to give under-floor heating. When so mounted it is often referred to as \"radiant heating\". All but the simplest systems have a pump to circulate the water and ensure an equal supply of heat to all the radiators. The heated water is often fed through another heat exchanger inside a storage cylinder to provide hot running water. Forced air systems send air through ductwork. During warm weather, the same ductwork can be reused for air conditioning. The forced air can be filtered or put through air cleaners. Contrary to fiction, most ducts cannot fit a human being as this would require a greater duct-structural integrity and create a potential security liability. The heating elements (radiators or vents) should be located in the coldest part of the room, and typically next to the windows to minimize condensation. Popular retail devices that direct vents away from windows -- to prevent \"wasted\" heat -- defeat this design parameter. Drafts contribute more to the subjective feeling of coldness than actual room temperature. Thus rather than improving the heating of a room/building, it is often more important to control the air leaks. The invention of central heating is often credited to the ancient Romans, who installed a system of air ducts in walls and floors of public baths and private villas. The ducts were fed with hot air from a central fire. Central heating is standard method of keeping a house warm. When combined with other systems in order to control a building\'s climate the whole system may be referred to as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning). Central heating differs from local heating in that the heating is done in one place in the building, i.e. centrally. The resulting heat is then distributed. Central heating could refer to other systems of heating and heat distribution other than one that uses a fire or electric heat source and water as the distribution medium. In the UK, where air conditioning in homes is rarely warranted due to its temperate climate, central heating is installed in most new housing. It is normally gas fired or electric, although more remote buildings may use Oil fired central heating which is also much more common in Ireland where gas supply is rarer. The common components of a Central heating system are Boiler - heats water in a closed water system Pump - circulates the water in the closed system Radiators - wall mounted panels through which the heated water passes in order to release heat into the room It is also normal to combine the needs of room heating with hot water heating and storage. In this case the heated water in the sealed system is allowed to flow through a heat exchanger in a hot water tank or hot water cylinder where water from the normal water supply is heated by it before being fed to hot water outlets in the house. These heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump outlets could be hot water taps, appliances such as a washing machine or dishwasher, a gravity fed shower or a powered shower - a type of shower that pumps water but does not heat it. A sealed system is a form of central heating in which the water used for heating is normally closed from the building\'s water supply. A pressure vessel contains compressed gas which is separated from the water by a diaphragm. This allows for normal variations of pressure in the heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump system. A safety valve allows water to escape from the system when pressure is too high, and a valve can be opened to replenish water from the normal supply if the pressure drops too low. Sealed Systems are an alternative to open vent systems, in which steam is allowed escape the system, and is replaced from the buildings water supply via a feed and expansion tank. Water heating is more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard many years ago but since forced heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump air systems can double for air conditioning, they are more popular nowadays. The most efficient central heating method is geothermal heating. Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple thermostats which, in water heating systems, control zone valves or, in forced air systems, control zone dampers inside the vents which selectively block the flow of air. Ventilation is the changing of air in any space in order to remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, and airborne bacteria. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining healthy indoor air quality in a building. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into natural and forced types. Airflow in ventilated spaces generally can be classified by two different types; mixing (or dilution) ventilation and displacement ventilation. Mixing ventilation systems generally supply air in a manner such that the entire room air is fully mixed. The cool supply heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump air exits the outlet at high velocity, inducing room air to provide mixing and temperature equalization. Since the entire room is fully mixed, temperature variations are small while the contaminant concentration is uniform throughout the entire room. Displacement-ventilation systems introduce air at low velocities which causes minimal induction and mixing. The displacement outlets are usually located at or near the floor. The system utilizes buoyancy forces (generated by heat sources such as people, lighting, computers, electrical equipment, heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump etc.) in a room to move contaminants and heat from the occupied zone. By so doing, the air quality in the occupied zone is generally superior to that achieved with mixing ventilation. Displacement ventilation presents an opportunity to improve both the thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) of the occupied space. Displacement ventilation takes advantage of the difference in air density between an upper contaminated zone and a lower clean zone. heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump Cool air is supplied at low velocity into the lower zone. Convection from heat sources creates vertical air motion into the upper zone where high level return outlets extract the air. In most cases these convection heat sources are also the contamination sources, i.e. people or equipment, thereby carrying the contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants. Outlets are typically located at or near the floor level, and air is supplied directly into the occupied zone. This supply air is spread over the entire floor and then rises as it is heated by the heat sources in the occupied zone. Returns are typically located at or close to the ceiling heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump and exhaust the warm contaminated room air. Since the conditioned air is supplied directly into the occupied space, supply air temperatures must be higher than mixing systems (usually above 63 deg F) to avoid cool temperatures at the floor. By introducing the air at elevated supply air temperatures and low outlet velocity a high level of thermal comfort can be provided with displacement ventilation. Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It can be achieved with heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump operable windows when the spaces to ventilate are small and the architecture permits. In more complex systems, warm air in the building can be allowed to rise and flow out upper openings to the outside (stack effect) thus forcing fresh cool air to be drawn into the building naturally though openings in the lower areas. These systems use very little energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants\' comfort. The natural ventilation flow rate can be calculated with this equation Forced ventilation may be used to control humidity or odours. Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical ventilation to control both. Factors in the design of such heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level. If the ducting for the fans traverse unheated space (e.g. an attic), the ducting should be insulated as well to prevent condensation on the ducting. Direct drive fans are available for many applications (these save the owner the costs of maintaining/replacing drive belts). Heat recovery ventilation systems employ heat exchangers to bring the fresh air temperature to room temperature.Ceiling fans and table/floor fans are very effective in circulating the air in the room. Paradoxically, because heat rises ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer. Proper ventilation in the attic: Keeps the house cool in the summer. heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump (Attics heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump radiate heat downward in the summer when they are hotter than the living area.) Keeps the attic cold in the winter, which can prevent ice dams. Allows moisture to escape from the house. Some warm, moist air will always find its way into the attic, so ventilation is essential. This is important year-round, for preventing mold and rot, but it is especially important in the winter, when the moisture is more likely to condense. Be aware that increased ventilation decreases the effectiveness of any insulation that is a poor barrier to air infiltration, such as fiberglass batts. The increased ventilation will create low pressure areas, so that the house will push conditioned air through the insulation faster than it normally would. With insufficient ventilation: Attic heat can penetrate into living areas during summer. There will be excessive humidity, which can cause mold and eventually rot. Water vapor can condense and collect on insulation, on rafters, and on the underside of roof sheathing. This will reduce the effectiveness of the insulation, and can greatly hasten the activity of mold and rot. Condensation and mold will also occur in the living area, especially on perimeter walls heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump (because they are coolest) and where ventilation is poorest, such as in corners and around furniture. You will need more ventilation than usual if: You live in a damp climate. Your house is in the shade. The crawlspace or basement has a dirt floor. There isn\'t much wind. You have a modern, super tight house. You have a solid masonry house. You have a house with impermeable siding such as vinyl or aluminum. You do not have sufficient (or any) vapor barriers. Most houses treat the attic and basement as unconditioned space. You can think of unconditioned space as outdoor space, minus the rain and snow. The unconditioned space surrounding the living area shouldn’t be wide open, but it shouldn\'t be sealed shut either. A good compromise is to have two foundation vents in the basement and two different types of vents in the attic. Vents should always exist in pairs (but not necessarily two of the same type) to allow for cross-ventilation. In an attic, one member of the pair should be low on the roof, and the other member should be higher up, so that outside air is pulled through one heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump and out the other. Natural attic ventilation through these vents is usually sufficient. Powered vents in the attic may interfere with proper furnace and fireplace venting. Some ways to ventilate an attic naturally: Soffit vents. Ridge vent (you can cover the ridge vent with shingles). Gable vents. Modern homes often incorporate all three types of attic vents, providing continuous cross-ventilation via multiple air pathways. Make sure gable vents have screens to keep out insects and animals, and keep the screens clean to maintain proper ventilation. Never close or heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump block off the vents to a damp basement or crawlspace, except in extreme cold to prevent pipes from freezing. Closing the vents to a damp basement or crawlspace will cause mold, rot, and structural defects. Sometimes, a basement or crawlspace will look bone dry, but is transpiring moisture through the dirt floor at a rapid rate. To see if this is the case, lay down some clear plastic on the dirt floor for a few days and observe how much water collects on its underside. If your basement or crawlspace is dry and has been dry for several years, you can: Close the foundation vents in the winter to conserve energy, and open them again in the warmer months, to allow interior moisture from the house to escape. Close the foundation vents permanently, install a polyethylene vapor barrier on the floor (just to be safe), insulate the basement or crawlspace walls, and part of the floor, if necessary, and include the basement or crawlspace as part of the conditioned space of the house. If you take this route, you don’t need heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump to insulate the floor above the basement or crawlspace, but it doesn’t hurt if the floor is already insulated. Keep an eye on humidity. There will be less condensation on walls and pipes, but possibly greater humidity because of trapped air, requiring increased ventilation in the upper floors and attic to compensate. Advantages of insulating a dry basement and crawlspace and making them part of the conditioned space of the house: Decreased condensation, because walls are closer in temperature to the air inside the house, and because cold pipes are not exposed to outdoor air during the warmer months. Reduced energy losses from ducts passing through the basement. Reduced risk of pipes freezing in winter. The recommended design (for single story buildings with roof mounted ventilation fans), has the roof fans pushing air down into the building during warm weather. Mounting unducted supply air fans directly over work stations greatly improves the working conditions by making much higher air velocities. By comparison, the upward exhaust fan arrangement makes much lower air flow rates at the work stations. Pushing air from the roof down into a building helps push dust, odors, and fumes out the doors and sides of the building instead of drawing dust upward through the roof. To provide security and fresh air cooling, some building have using two sets of overhead doors at heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump hot boiler and equipment rooms. The second set of doors are custom made grills with bird screens (similar to the security grills used by some stores at indoor shopping malls). Some of the custom grills have solid slats in the lowest 3\' section, to reduce the amount of trash that might blow into the rooms. During hot weather, the grills secure the opening while the solid doors are fully open. During cool and cold weather, the solid doors can be partially or fully closed. Building Services is a construction body that covers the essential services that allow buildings heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump to operate. It includes the electrotechnical, heating, ventilating, air conditioning, refrigeration and plumbing industries. Building Services is part of a sector that has over 51,000 businesses heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump and employs over 500,00 people. This sector has an annual turnover of £19.3 billion which represents 2%-3% of the GDP.Within the construction sector, it is the job of the building services engineer to design, install and maintain the essential services such as gas, electricity, water, heating and lighting, as well as many others. These all help to make buildings comfortable and healthy places to live and work in. To train as a building services engineer, the academic requirement is GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in Maths and Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory. Employers will often want a degree in a branch of engineering, such as building environment engineering, electrical heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump engineering or mechanical engineering. Vent sources of moisture directly to the outside. This is especially important for the bathroom, which normally produces more moisture than any other room in the house, and for the dryer, which produces more moisture than any other appliance. Do not vent moisture directly into the attic. The last thing you want to do is put heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump warm, moist air into the attic. In cold climates this can contribute to icing and resulting leaks.A whole-house fan is acceptable because of its usual location, installed in the attic floor near a gable vent, and because it is not directly connected to a source of moisture. The whole-house fan can help to remove cooking odors and can cool the entire house when it is not hot enough heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump to turn on the air conditioning. Use caution: natural-draft heating appliances could be adversely affected by too much exhaust - products of combustion could be drawn into the house. If you cannot vent the bathroom directly to the outside, install the vent up through the attic and down through a soffit vent. This will prevent water from dripping back down into the vent as it would if you installed the duct straight up through the roof. Wire the bathroom vent to a timer switch, so that people can turn it on without having to remember to turn it off. Always vent the clothes dryer to the outside with a smooth-walled (do not screw into walls of duct), metal heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump (not plastic) duct that is as short as possible. To prevent a house fire, check the duct for clogs regularly. Do not vent the dryer directly into the laundry room. This puts much too much moisture into the house. Kitchens should have a vent hood with an exhaust fan. The vent hood heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump should have a back draft flap to keep out insects and cold air - but some cold air will inevitably seep in. Install ceiling fans to improve ventilation and distribute heat. To disperse heat properly, run the ceiling fan in reverse, so that it pushes warm air up against the ceiling and down along heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump the walls, where people tend to sit. Do not block air intake vents for heating or air conditioning equipment. Blocking these vents will starve the equipment for air, causing it to run inefficiently. If your unfinished basement has windows, keep them closed on hot, humid days to prevent moisture from condensing on the walls continuously, all day long. Open the windows once the humidity drops below the natural humidity of the basement, so that heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump moisture doesn’t build up inside. People, in their zeal to do a good job, sometimes pack insulation into the eaves, blocking the soffit vents, because they don’t know that the vents heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump exist or don’t know what they are for. If you are installing insulation in the attic for the first time, do not cover the soffit vents with insulation. If your attic is already insulated on the floor, make heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump sure insulation is not blocking the soffit vents. This is more of a problem for loose-fill, since wind can scatter the fill around. To prevent loose-fill from scattering and covering the soffit vents, you can install baffles between the rafters. You staple the baffles to the underside of the roof heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump sheathing, and the baffles maintain 2 inches of ventilation space next to the sheathing. Wind coming through soffit vents can also push batt insulation up off the floor, causing cold airflow against the ceiling and cold spots high up on exterior walls. Baffles installed near the eave should also prevent this problem, by keeping the batts from flipping up and over. If you are heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump going to install batts or spray foam between the rafters, you should extend the baffles all the way up to the ridge vent. This will keep the sheathing dry and prevent it from rotting invisibly behind heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump the insulation. Likewise, when you insulate between the floor joists in the ceiling of an unconditioned basement or crawlspace, you should leave some space between the insulation and the sheathing (subfloor) to allow water vapor to escape. Thermostats control the operation heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump of HVAC systems, turning on the heating or cooling systems to bring the building to the set temperature. Typically the heating and cooling systems have separate control systems (even heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump though they may share a thermostat) so that the temperature is only controlled \"one-way\". That is, in heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump winter, a building that is too hot will not be cooled by the thermostat. Thermostats may also be incorporated into facility energy management systems in which the power utility customer heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump may control the overall energy expenditure. In addition, a growing number of power utilities have made available a device which, when professionally installed, will control or limit the power heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump to an HVAC system during peak use times in order to avoid necessitating the use of rolling blackouts. The customer is given a credit of some sort in exchange. Air conditioning Air filter American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump Boiler Building construction CIBSE Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers Domotics HVAC control systems BACnet -- A network protocol used for Building Automation Control LonWorks -- A competing network protocol used for Building Automation Control Noise mi heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump tigation Radiator Refrigeration Solar energy Stack effect Vapor-compression refrigeration Ventilation heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump A Radiator is a device designed to transfer thermal energy mechanically from one location to another in an efficient manner for the purpose of cooling and heating. In the broader sense of heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump the word, it can also be used to describe things environmental or biological in nature, i.e. tropical cyclones or body hair, that function in exactly the same way. This article discusses radiators heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump that are constructed to function in automobiles, buildings, and electronics. A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated under pressure. The steam or hot fluid is then circulated out of the boiler for use in various process or heating applications. A safety valve is heating-systems, heating, central heating, local heating, boiler, radiator, heating-pump required to prevent over pressurisation and possible explosion of a boiler.

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